Introduction: Medical practice is governed by four main principles: beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, and justice. To achieve and sustain the best medical practice, these four principles should be emphasized and appreciated at continuous medical training and education. Aim of the Work: The aim of the study was to analyze the medicolegal knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of the medical staff with the purpose of distinguishing the impact of experience, education, and training on medical practitioners' medicolegal KAP. Subjects and Methods: A self-structured questionnaire was prepared; 69 medical doctors and 16 nurses from different tertiary care hospitals in Riyadh province and various medical specialties participated in this survey. The survey incorporated demographic questions in addition to questions that specifically targeted the respondents' medicolegal KAP. Results: Statistically significant differences were found between years of experiences in relation to the individual parameters and the cumulative degree of KAP. When comparing KAP in relation to obtaining training and education on medicolegal issues, statistically significant difference was found between knowledge and their cumulative in relation to obtaining medicolegal training. On the other hand, no statistically significant differences were identified regarding attitude and practice in relation to obtaining medicolegal training. In addition, no statistically significant differences were found between KAP in relation to obtaining medicolegal education. Conclusion: The decline in the time resources provided for medicolegal training and education impacted negatively the medical staff medicolegal KAP. To develop medical staff medicolegal KAP, a structured educational and training programs on medicolegal issues should be integrated. Integrated continuous medical education and training programs will significantly increase the medical staff awareness levels and hence improve their KAP.

Background: spirulina platensis (SP) is known as a valuable additional food and therapeutic agent. Objective: We investigate the protective effect of SP on cadmium (Cd)-induced hematological, renal and hepatic toxicity in rats. Materials and Methods: The rats were divided into four groups. Group 1: received saline orally. Group 2: treated with SP orally for 28 days. Groups 3: treated with CdCl₂for 28 days. Group 4: treated with CdCl₂and SP for 28 days. Renal and hepatic damages were evaluated by investigating the renal and hepatic functions, oxidative markers, and histopathological changes. Results: There was a statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase in Cd concentration in the liver and kidneys of G3 and a significant decrease with the administration of SP in G4. In rat hepatic and renal tissues, superoxide dismutase and catalase were significantly reduced while malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly increased and significant decrease in RBC count, hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit in Group 3 when compared to G1 and G2 (P ≤ 0.05), with improvements of these parameters in G4 when compared to G3. A significant increase was observed in plasma MDA level in Group 3 compared to control group and SP-treated group, and it was significantly decreased in G4 compared to G3. Conclusion: It can be concise that accumulation of Cd in liver and kidneys of rats is associated with remarkable alterations enzymatic activities of the antioxidant system. Our data suggested that lipid peroxidation was associated with Cd toxicity in both liver and kidney tissues. The oxidative damage in kidney and liver of rats induced by Cd is protected by SP.

Introduction: Cheiloscopy is the study of characteristic pattern of elevations and depressions on labial mucosa. It is unique for every individual-like fingerprints and hence can be used to determine the sex and for personal identity. Aim: The aim of the study is to compare and to determine the distribution of lip print pattern among Indian and African students studying in KSR Educational Institutions, Tiruchengode. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on randomly selected 100 college students (50 Indian and 50 African) studying in KSR Educational institutions, Tiruchengode. The study included a total of 50 Indians (30 males and 20 females) and 50 Africans (30 males and 20 females). Materials used in the present study were bond paper, oil-free lipstick or matted lipstick, lipstick applying brush, and magnifying glass with light lip prints was taken on folded bond paper and analyzed using magnifying lens. Tsuchihashi's classification of lip prints was used, and statistical analysis was done using SPSS software. Results: Our study showed that Type II was the most predominant pattern among Indian males, and Type III was the most predominant pattern among African males, whereas Type I was the most predominant pattern among both Indian and African females. Hence, these results confirm the uniqueness of lip prints for every individual and show its variation according to gender. Conclusion: Based on the lip anatomy and their prints, it is possible to find out the races. Further, research needs to be done among a larger population to prove lip prints as a promising tool for personal identification and to arrive at guidelines regarding racial predilection.

Introduction: Estimation of individual's stature is an important parameter in the field of forensic anthropology. There is a scarcity of literature on the estimation of stature from hand dimensions among Saudi populations. Aim: To setup standard formulae to estimate stature from hand dimensions in Saudi population. Subjects and Methods: Three hundred and fifty participants in 20–30 years' age group were incorporated into a cross-sectional study. The research population included 150 males and 150 females as a study group, and 50 participants as a control group to test the accuracy of the formulae. Nine measurements of different hand dimensions (hand length, palm length, handbreadth, maximum handbreadth, and five phalanges lengths) and statures were taken. The simple linear regression equations and multiple linear regression equations with the explanatory variables were suggested as a statistical model to clarify the total variation in stature. Results: Statistical analysis indicated that the bilateral variations were insignificant for all the measurements (P > 0.05). The correlation between the stature and different parameters studied in males and females were found to be positive and statistically highly significant (P < 0.001). The highest correlation with stature was observed with hand length and palm length than the other variables. Linear and multiple regression equation for stature estimation were calculated separately for males and females. The derived equations were applied to the control group, and it was noticed that the percentage difference between true stature of the control and the estimated stature ranged from 0.01% to 0.12%. The multiple linear regression equation was more reliable than the simple linear regression equations. Conclusion: The findings of the present study have provided the regression equations from hand dimensions that can be used for predicting stature of adult Saudi population.